The infinitive is one of the fundamental components of English grammar. Whether you’re just starting out or preparing for an exam like the International English Test (IET), mastering the infinitive is essential to forming correct and fluid sentences. In this article, we will explore the different forms and uses of the infinitive, including the to-infinitive and the zero infinitive, with practical examples to improve your understanding.
What is the Infinitive?
The infinitive is the base form of a verb, which is used without any conjugation. In English, it can be expressed in two primary forms:
- To-infinitive: “to” + verb (e.g., to eat, to go)
- Zero infinitive: verb without “to” (e.g., eat, go)
Although they may appear similar, these forms are used differently in sentences. Understanding when to use each is vital for fluent English communication.
The To-Infinitive
The to-infinitive is the most commonly used form in English. It can function in several different contexts, and here are some key uses:
1. To Indicate Purpose or Intention
In this usage, the to-infinitive expresses why something is done or its purpose. It is often synonymous with “in order to” or “so as to.”
Examples:
- She came to collect her paycheck.
- I’m calling to ask you about the meeting.
- The children went to find firewood.
2. As the Subject of the Sentence
While less common in spoken English, the to-infinitive is often used as the subject in formal or written contexts.
Examples:
- To learn a new language is exciting.
- To visit the Eiffel Tower is on my bucket list.
- To understand this concept, you need to practice.
3. Indicating the Purpose of an Object
When following a noun, the to-infinitive explains the purpose or intended use of something.
Examples:
- He bought a camera to take pictures.
- She needs a garden to play in.
- I would like a drink to have with my meal.
4. After Adjectives
The to-infinitive often follows adjectives to express what is necessary or desirable.
Examples:
- It’s important to be on time.
- I am happy to help you.
- He is excited to start his new job.
5. Making Comments or Judgements
The to-infinitive is frequently used after nouns to express opinions or judgments.
Examples:
- It was a bad decision to leave so early.
- This is the best place to study English.
- That’s the right thing to do.
6. With “Too” and “Enough”
The to-infinitive can follow adjectives or adverbs modified by too or enough to explain why something is excessive, sufficient, or insufficient.
Examples:
- This soup is too hot to eat.
- She’s old enough to drive.
- There’s too much sugar to put in this bowl.
7. With Question Words
The to-infinitive follows question words in sentences that involve asking about the process or how to do something.
Examples:
- Can you explain how to use this tool?
- I know what to say in the meeting.
- Tell me when to leave.
The Zero Infinitive
The zero infinitive, or bare infinitive, is the base form of the verb without “to.” It is commonly used after certain auxiliary verbs, perception verbs, and in other specific contexts.
1. After Modal Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs
The zero infinitive follows modal verbs (can, could, will, would, should, must) and auxiliary verbs like do, have, and be.
Examples:
- She can swim fast.
- He must study for the exam.
- We will go there tomorrow.
- I did not understand the question.
2. After Verbs of Perception
The zero infinitive is used after verbs of perception such as see, hear, and feel, indicating an action that was observed in progress.
Examples:
- I saw him walk down the street.
- She heard them argue loudly.
- We felt her touch on my shoulder.
3. After the Verbs “Make” and “Let”
When used with make or let, the verb is followed by the zero infinitive.
Examples:
- They let me leave early.
- She made me cry.
- Let’s go for a walk.
4. After the Expression “Had Better”
The phrase had better is followed by the zero infinitive to give advice or a suggestion.
Examples:
- We had better leave now if we want to catch the bus.
- He had better finish his work by tomorrow.
5. With “Why” Questions
When making suggestions with why, the zero infinitive is used.
Examples:
- Why wait? Let’s go now.
- Why not buy a new car?
- Why leave so early?
The Infinitive and the International English Test
Mastering the infinitive and its various uses is an essential part of the International English Test (IET), especially in the speaking and writing components. Whether you are preparing for the IET or simply looking to enhance your English skills, understanding how to use both the to-infinitive and the zero infinitive will improve your fluency and grammar.
The IET assesses your grammar, vocabulary, reading, listening, writing, and speaking proficiency, and by focusing on areas such as infinitive usage, you can score better and boost your confidence.
Conclusion
The infinitive is a crucial aspect of English grammar, used for a variety of purposes including expressing intentions, making comments, and forming conditional structures. Mastering both the to-infinitive and zero infinitive will help you use English more naturally and effectively. Whether you’re taking the International English Test or simply learning for personal growth, becoming proficient in using infinitives will enhance your English proficiency.