Functions of the passive voice
The passive voice is employed to emphasize the entity or object that undergoes an action rather than the one performing the action. In essence, it shifts the focus of the sentence to the most significant entity or object.
Examples
- The passive voice is used frequently. (= we are interested in the passive voice, not in who uses it.)
- The house was built in 1654. (= we are interested in the house, not in who built it.)
- The road is being repaired. (= we are interested in the road, not in the people who are doing the repairs.)
Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don’t know or do not want to express who performed the action.
Examples
- I noticed that a window had been left open.
- Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads.
- All the cookies have been eaten.
- My car has been stolen!
The passive voice is often used in formal texts. Switching to the active voice will make your writing clearer and easier to read.
| Passive | Active |
|---|---|
| A great deal of meaning is conveyed by a few well-chosen words. | A few well-chosen words convey a great deal of meaning. |
| Our planet is wrapped in a mass of gases. | A mass of gases wrap around our planet. |
| Waste materials are disposed of in a variety of ways. | The city disposes of waste materials in a variety of ways. |
In passive voice constructions, if we wish to specify the agent performing the action, we introduce it using the preposition “by.” However, when we are aware of the agent and want to highlight their role, it’s generally more effective to switch to the active voice.
| Passive | Active |
|---|---|
| “A Hard Day’s Night” was written by the Beatles. | The Beatles wrote “A Hard Day’s Night”. |
| The movie ET was directed by Spielberg. | Spielberg directed the movie ET. |
| This house was built by my father. | My father built this house. |
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Forming the passive voice
The passive voice in English is composed of two elements:
the appropriate form of the verb ‘to be’ + past participle
| Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative | Negative interrogative |
|---|---|---|---|
| The house was built in 1899. | The house wasn’t built in 1899. | Was the house built in 1899? | Wasn’t the house built in 1899? |
| These houses were built in 1899. | These houses weren’t built in 1899. | Were these houses built in 1899? | Weren’t these houses built in 1899? |
To clean, passive voice
| Subject | + to be (conjugated) | + past participle | + rest of sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple present | |||
| The house | is | cleaned | every day. |
| Present continuous | |||
| The house | is being | cleaned | at the moment. |
| Simple past | |||
| The house | was | cleaned | yesterday. |
| Past continuous | |||
| The house | was being | cleaned | last week. |
| Present perfect | |||
| The house | has been | cleaned | since you left. |
| Past perfect | |||
| The house | had been | cleaned | before they arrived. |
| Future | |||
| The house | will be | cleaned | next week. |
| Future continuous | |||
| The house | will be being | cleaned | tomorrow. |
| Present conditional | |||
| The house | would be | cleaned | if they had visitors. |
| Past conditional | |||
| The house | would have been | cleaned | if it had been dirty. |
| Inifinitive | |||
| The house | must be | cleaned | before we arrive. |
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Passive voice with infinitives
The infinitive passive voice is used after modal verbs and other most verbs normally followed by an infinitive.
Examples
- You have to be tested on your English grammar.
- John might be promoted next year.
- She wants to be invited to the party.
- I expect to be surprised on my birthday.
- You may be disappointed.
Passive voice with gerunds
Gerunds are used after prepositions and verbs normally followed by a gerund.
Examples
- I remember being taught to drive.
- The children are excited about being taken to the zoo.
- The children are excited to be taken to the zoo.
- Most film stars hate being interviewed.
- Most film stars hate to be interviewed.
- Poodles like to be pampered.
- Poodles like being pampered.
Using “to be born”
“To be born” is a passive form and is most commonly used in the past tense. However, in some cases, the present or future tense is appropriate.
Examples
- I was born in 1976.
- Where were you born?
- Around 100 babies are born in this hospital every week.
- We don’t know on exactly which day the baby will be born.
Sometimes the passive is formed using the verb to get or to have instead of the verb to be.
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I am Nilay, an experienced English Language Assessment Director at the International English Test, where I have been working full-time since February 2020. I specialize in helping people worldwide validate their English proficiency through comprehensive assessments and certifications.
Before joining the International English Test, I worked as a self-employed English Language Assessment Consultant from January 2015 to December 2019. During this time, I assisted companies and individuals in improving their language skills, helping them achieve their academic and professional goals.
I hold a degree in Engineering and have also studied at Shafston International College in Australia. My educational background has equipped me with the tools to make a meaningful impact in the field of English language learning. Additionally, I enjoy sharing my expertise through articles that explore effective teaching methods and language assessment strategies, contributing to the International English Test and the broader assessment community.
